History of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom

In general, the term Medang Kingdom is only commonly used to refer to the East Java period, whereas based on the inscriptions that have been found, the name "Medang" has been known since the previous period, namely the period of Central Java.
Meanwhile, the name commonly used to refer to the Medang Kingdom in the Central Java period is the Kingdom of Mataram, which refers to one of the kingdom's capital cities. Sometimes to distinguish it from the Islamic Mataram Kingdom which was founded in the 16th century, the Medang Kingdom in the Central Java period was also commonly referred to as the Ancient Mataram Kingdom or."Bhumi Mataram" is the old name for Yogyakarta and its surroundings. It was in this area that for the first time the palace of the Medang Kingdom was thought to stand (Rajya Medang i Bhumi Mataram). This name is found in several inscriptions, such as the Minto and Anjuk inscriptions. The term "Mataram" is then commonly used to refer to the name of the kingdom as a whole, although this kingdom is not always centered there,The Ancient Mataram Kingdom is a closed agrarian country. As a result, this kingdom is difficult to develop economically, especially because the trade and shipping aspects are very dry. A new triumph was obtained during the reign of Balitung. He built a trading center as stated in the inscription Purworejo (900 AD). In the Wonogiri inscription (903 AD) it was explained that villages located on either side of the Bengawan Solo River were exempt from taxation provided that the villagers had to guarantee the smooth flow of traffic through the river.When the Sanjaya dynasty moved to the Dieng Mountains from Panangkaran to Rakai Pikatan, many temples were established which are now known as the Dieng temple complex. This temple complex, among others, consists of Bimo, Puntadewa, Arjuna, and Nakula temples. As for southern Central Java, Prambanan (Roro Jonggrang), Sambi Sari, Ratu Boko, and Gedung Songo (Ungaran) temples are found as a result of Ancient Mataram culture.

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kalingga kingdom in java

Kalingga or Ho-ling (the name of the Chinese source) is a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that appeared in Central Java around the 6th century AD. The location of the center of the kingdom is not yet clear, it is likely to be somewhere between Pekalongan Regency and Jepara Regency now. The historical source of this kingdom is still unclear and vague, mostly obtained from the sources of Chinese records, the tradition of local stories, and the Carita Parahyangan manuscript which was compiled centuries later in the 16th century briefly mentioning Queen Shima and its relation to the Galuh Kingdom. Kalingga existed in the 6th century AD and its existence is known from Chinese sources. This kingdom was once ruled by Queen Shima, who was known to have rules for whoever stole, would cut his hand.The economy of the lion kingdom is based on trade and agriculture sectors. Located close to the north coast of central java, lions are easy to access by overseas traders. It is a region of producing turtle, gold, silver, cabaret, and elephant tusks for sale. Lingga residents are well known for making drinks that come from coconut and palm flowers.In one of the events of the history of the kingdom of Kalingga, contained a turning point where this kingdom was Islamized. against 651, Ustman bin Affan sent a number of envoys to China to align themselves with the mission of introducing Islam to this foreign area. in addition to China, Ustman also transferred some of his delegates to Jepara, formerly called Kalingga. the presence of the envoy who took place after the time of Queen Shima descended and was replaced by Jay Shima resulted in the king embracing Islam and also followed by his footsteps by some Javanese nobles who began not bringing their original religion and adhering to Islam.

Like other kingdoms in Indonesia, the kingdom of Kalingga also felt backward when the kingdom collapsed. Of all the relics that were successfully created were 2 temples named candi Angin and the temple of Bubrah. Angin Temple and Bubrah Temple are two temples created in Keling, precisely in the Tempur village. Candi Angin found the name of the article with a high position and was older than the Borobudur Temple. Candi Bubrah, on the other hand, is a temple that is half-finished, but its age is equivalent to the temples of Angin.The monarchy suffered a setback because of a brutal attack on trade, which resulted in the kijen government expelled to the east of Java or retreated to the central junction of the middle between 742-755 AD. Together with the Malays and the former who had been conquered by the kingdom of Sriwijaya. These three kingdoms became a strong competitor of the Sriwijaya-Buddhist trade network.

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candi morangan

Morangan Temple is a Hindu temple in the village of Morangan, Sindumartani village, Ngemplak sub-district, Sleman, Yogyakarta, and is very close to Gendol River (100 meters west) and the northernmost approaching Mount Merapi. According to estimates, this temple was built around the 9th and 10th centuries during the time of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom, which is a contemporary with the creation of Hindu temples, such as the Prambanan Temple.When it was discovered in 1884, the temple was buried 6.5 meters underground. Although until now it has not been fully restored, the temple ruins complex has two temple buildings: the main temple and the perwara temple which are all made of andesite stone. At Morangan Temple complex, yoni and receipt statues are also found and a number of other statues in the temple niches. The main temple faces west, has a single chamber and has a square measuring 7.95 m x 7.95 m and has a width of 90 m wide. The profile of the temple consists of a clapper side, a rattan split, a square frame, and a double notch.In full the main temple consists of legs, body and roof of the temple. This division in Hinduism symbolizes three realms namely bhurloka, bhuwarloka, and swarloka.This temple has many reliefs carved on the trunk of the foot and body of the temple, located between the upper framing and the lower framing. One thing that distinguishes Morangan Temple from other temples is that there is a relief panel which is thought to be part of the Tantri Kamandaka story. The relief is about a tiger deceived by a goat. This is quite special because all this time the reliefs have only been found in temples with Buddhist backgrounds.The perwara temple faces east, has a 4 x 4 square shape. Currently the building that can be found is the body part and the foot of the temple.The north, west and south sides of the temple's body have niches that contain statues that have been secured by the Yogyakarta Antiquities Preservation Hall.

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temple liyangan

Liyangan Temple is an archaeological site in the form of temples and residential areas on the eastern slope of Mount Sundoro, precisely in the settlements of the residents of Liyangan Hamlet, Purbasari Village, Ngadirejo District, about 20 kilometers northwest of the city of Temanggung, Temanggung Regency, Central Java. This site was only discovered in 2008. [1] 
The first discovery was in the form of talud, yoni, statues, and temple stones. The next discovery of a temple building that lived part of the foot and on top of it was a unique yoni, unlike most, because this yoni has three holes. Further research and excavation carried out by the Yogyakarta Archaeological Center in 2010 and 2011 concluded that the site was not a large temple but an ancient Mataram village. Based on the description of the survey results of the Yogyakarta Archeology Center concluded that the Liyangan Site is a site with complex characters; indications as settlement sites, ritual sites, as well as agricultural sites.

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candi rimbi

Candi Rimbi is a heritage of Hinduism from the Classical period in Jombang Regency, East Java. This temple is also often called Cungkup Pulo. Rimbi's name is associated with the name puppet character named Arimbi, Werkudara's wife or better known as Bima. Candi Rimbi is located in Pulosari Village, Bareng District, Jombang Regency. Occupying an area of ​​896.56 square meters, the existing building has a length of 13.24 meters, 9.10 meters wide and 12 meters high.Rimbi Temple Body is formed from andesite rock, while for the foundation is built of brick. The condition of the Rimbi Temple is at first glance similar to the Sumur Temple in Sidoarjo. The roof and half of the body of the temple have collapsed so it is difficult to imagine what the body shape and roof of the temple are like. At the foot of the temple there are various reliefs depicting humans and animals. One unique relief depicts a pair of humans (brides) in a barrel. Until now, the story cannot be known which is depicted through these reliefs.Based on the art of building architecture, Rimbi Temple has a Hindu background. This was marked by the discovery of the statue of Dewi Parwati (the wife of Lord Shiva) which is now stored in the National Museum of Jakarta. Parwati statue is found in the ruins of the main hall of the temple.The Parwati statue found in Rimbi Temple is thought to be a manifestation of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi, the Majapahit queen who ruled from 1328-1350 ADMany Hindu statues are found in the temple courtyard. Unfortunately, the statues were not in full condition, even some of them left only pieces of limbs. A pedestal located in the courtyard of the temple leaves pieces of statues. A rather large size decoration is also lying on one corner of the temple courtyard. It is estimated, berelief stone when it was used to be used to decorate the entrance to the room (chdeamber) of the temple as is generally the temple from the Classical periode.

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candi arco gupolo

The Gupolo Arca site is a collection of 7 Hindu-style statues located near Ijo Temple and Barong Temple, in the Sambirejo village area, Prambanan sub-district, Yogyakarta.Gupolo is the nickname of the locals against the statue of Agastya found on the site area. Usually, gupala is a designation for giant statues of doorkeepers. Although this two-meter-tall Agastya statue is not very clear, the trident weapon as the symbol of the Lord Shiva is still clearly visible. Some other statues, most of them are statues of Hindu gods in a sitting position.Near the statue of Gupolo there are clear springs in the form of wells used by local residents to fetch water, and although in the long dry season this well has never dried up. According to local folk legend, Gupolo is the name of the patih (king) of Raja Ratu Boko-- which is enshrined as the name of the temple of Ratu Boko - (father of the goddess Rara Jonggrang in the legend of the Prambanan temple). Patih Gupolo entered and buried the sakti figure of Bandung Bondowoso in the Jalatunda well, for killing King Ratu Boko. But because of his supernatural powers, Bandung Bondowoso was able to rise again, even wanting to marry the beautiful beautiful goddess Rara Jonggrang. This wish from Bandung Bondowoso did not come true, because a request from the goddess Rara Jonggrang to make 1,000 temples in one night could not be fulfilled (there was still less than one temple at dawn). At the end of the story, Bandung Bondowoso condemned the goddess Rara Jonggrang to become a stone statue / temple that was still less than one (being one of the temples in the Prambanan temple complex), as an outlet for his anger because he could not marry Rara Jonggrang.

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Candi Pringapus

1732/5000

Pringapus temple was built in 772 C or 850 AD according to an inscription found around the temple when a restoration was held in 1932. This temple is a replica of Mahameru, the name of a mountain where the gods lived. This is evidenced by the presence of antefix ornaments and Hapsara-hapsari reliefs depicting demigods.
 Pringapus Temple is a temple that uses the layout of Central Java. The visible pattern is the existence of the main temple which is faced by ancillary temples. In the case of this Pringapus Temple, the reconstructed temple (facing east) is a perwara temple, in which there is a nandi statue. Meanwhile, around the temple there are many stones part of other buildings in the temple complex.Pringapus Temple is a Hindu Siwaistis sect. This can be seen from the existence of Hindu statues that are closely related to Lord Shiva.
 On the other side there is a statue of Durga Mahesasuramardhini. Durga is one of the manifestations of Uma as a beautiful goddess with various kinds of god-given weapons. As Durga, Uma according to legend succeeded in defeating a magical giant in the form of a buffalo that disturbed the Brahmins. In this complex there is also a yoni, one of the manifestations of Uma (Shiva's wife) which serves as the base for the Shiva statue or its manifestation (usually in the form of a phallus). The union of lingga and yoni is a symbol of the creation of the universe as well as a symbol of fertility.
 As a witness of the greatness of the past history, another interesting thing about Pringapus Temple is the hiasa Kala chin as is generally the East Java type Kala.
 During the holiday, this temple is visited by many school children, domestic tourists and also foreign countries such as America, the Netherlands and Belgium.

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Candi Jiwa

jiwa Temple is located in Batujaya temple complex, precisely in Batujaya and Pakisjaya Districts, Karawang, West Java. Where the Soul Temple is one of the Buddhist relics temples which are even predicted to be older than the Borobudur Temple in Magelang. Besides Candi Jiwa, one of the old Buddhist temples in Indonesia is the History of Sewu Temple in Klaten, Central Java. Besides the Soul Temple in this Complex, there are also 46 points of temples scattered in the Batujaya temple area. And, there is also the possibility of increasing again, because there are still discoveries of new sites around the Batujaya temple complex. Because there are still some temples that are thought to be buried in the ground. Called Batujaya I or the soul temple has a quite mystical history. From the information of residents who inhabit the area near the temple of Jiwa, that formerly the land or mound of land that covered the temple was passed by a goat. And the goat dies for no apparent reason. From there the surrounding community considers the place to have a "soul", because not only once, the goat that passes through the unur dies for no apparent reason.From other sources said that, the word soul comes from "Shiva" which is one of the gods of Hindu religion. This is based on the influence of the Sundanese accent which affects the mention of the name Shiva from time to time so that it becomes the name of the soul. However, this is quite questionable because of some discoveries that purge that this Soul temple is more of a Buddhist temple. Not many sources state the origin of the establishment of the Soul Temple. There are several discoveries found in this Batujaya temple complex. The discovery was in the form of tablets / stone slabs carved with Buddhist reliefs, several types of ceramics, a terracotta inscription that contained Buddhist spells, and many more. This shows that this building is one of the Buddhist heritage buildings. And this is reinforced again by the architect of this temple shaped like a lotus flower which is thought to have a Buddhist stupa on it.From a radiometric analysis of carbon 14 on artifacts that have been found in the Batujaya Bathing Complex, the temples in this complex were made in the 2nd to 12th centuries, including the Jiwa temple. This was indicated by several discoveries of inscriptions and, Chinese ceramics, votive tablets, and stucco statues found in the Batujaya temple complex having absolute china dating and also the palographic writing of inscriptions found. From several sources above the Soul Temple is estimated to be built during the Tarumanegara Kingdom

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