site sangiran

The locations of the discovery of archaeological sites are scattered in almost all parts of Indonesia.

 Even Indonesia has an ancient human site that is considered the largest and most important in the world, namely the Sangiran site.

 Sangiran is located at the foot of Mount Lawu, about 15 km from the Bengawan Solo River valley.

 Researchers consider Sangiran as the center of a large, important, and complete civilization of ancient humans in the world because it provides clues about the existence of humans since 150,000 years ago.

 This site stores a wealth of ancient fossils, ranging from fossils of ancient humans, ancient animals, to the results of prehistoric human culture. The Sangiran site itself is located in two regencies in Central Java Province, namely Sragen and Karanganyar Regencies, with an area of ​​59.21 square kilometers.

 The Sangiran area has a characteristic shaped like a giant dome with a large basin in the center of the dome due to erosion events. Research at the Sangiran Site was first conducted in 1864 by P.E.C.  Schemulling.

 The fossils found by P.E.C Schemulling at the Sangiran Site are in the form of vertebrate fossils.

 Eugene Dubois then also visited this place in 1895, but did not continue his research because he found nothing.

 After a long time, Von Koenigswald managed to find various ancient human tools armed with a geological map made by L.J.C van Es in 1932.

 Koenigswald invented a thousand simple tools of chalcedony that could be used to cut, slash, and sharpen wooden spears.

 In 1936, local residents handed over the fossilized right jaw of an ancient human to Koenigswald.

 This is the first discovery of ancient human fossils, which were later given the code S1 (Sangiran) 

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Raden Fatah, Founder and First King of Demak who was confirmed as Caliph in the Land of Java

Raden Fatah or Raden Patah was inaugurated by the Sultan of Turkey as Khalifatullah ing Tanah Jawa (Representative of the Islamic Caliphate (Turkey) for the Land of Java) in 1479 ago.

 This statement was made by the Governor of Yogyakarta Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X at the 6th Indonesian Muslim Congress (KUII) in Yogyakarta, 9 February 2015. "In 1479, the Sultan of Turkey confirmed Raden Patah as Khalifatullah ing Tanah Java, the representative of the Islamic caliphate (Turkey) for the Land of Java, by handing over the purple-black Laa ilaaha illallah flag made of Kiswah Kaaba cloth, and a green flag that read Muhammadurrasulullah,"  Sri Sultan said in his speech, at that time. The duplicate is stored in the Yogyakarta Palace as an heirloom, a marker of the validity of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta Hadiningrat representing the Turkish Caliphate.”

 Who really is Raden Fatah?  Adipati Raden Fatah alias Jin Bun with the title Senapati Jimbun or Panembahan Jimbun was born in Palembang in 1455 and died in Demak in 1518.

 Raden Fatah was the founder and first king of Demak and ruled from 1500-1518.

 According to the Chinese chronicle from the Sam Po Kong Temple in Semarang, he had the Chinese name Jin Bun without his surname before him, because only his mother was of Chinese blood.

 Jin Bun means strong person.  The name is identical to the Arabic name "Fatah (Broken)" which means victory.  During his reign, the Demak Mosque was built, and then Raden Fatah was buried there.

 Meanwhile, according to Dutch experts Pigeaud and De Graaf, Australian historian M. C. Ricklefs wrote that the founder of Demak was a Chinese Muslim named Cek Ko-po (Pate Rodin senior). Ricklefs estimates that his son was the person Tomé Pires in his Suma Oriental dubbed "Pate Rodim (Adipati/Patih Rodim)", possibly meaning "Badruddin" or "Kamaruddin" (died circa 1504).Rodim's son or younger brother was known as Trenggono (r. 1505-1518 and 1521-1546), the maker of Demak's superiority over Java.

 In fact, Raden Fatah clashed with the figure of Trenggono, the third king of Demak, who ruled from 1505-1518, then 1521-1546.

 There are various versions about the origin of Raden Fatah.  According to the Babad Tanah Jawi, Raden Fatah was the son of Brawijaya, the last king of Majapahit (version of the Babad Tanah Jawi) from a Chinese concubine.This Chinese concubine is the daughter of Kyai Batong (aka Tan Go Hwat).  Because Queen Dwarawati, the empress who came from Campa was jealous, Brawijaya was forced to give a Chinese concubine to his eldest son, Arya Damar, regent of Palembang.

 After giving birth to Raden Patah, the daughter of China married Arya Damar (aka Swan Liong), and gave birth to Raden Kusen (aka Kin San).

 According to Purwaka Caruban Nagari, the Chinese concubine's real name was Siu Ban Ci, daughter of Tan Go Hwat and Siu Te Yo from Gresik.  Tan Go Hwat is a merchant and also a scholar with the title Shaykh Bantong (aka Kyai Batong).

 According to the Chinese chronicle from the Sam Po Kong temple, the nickname when Raden Fatah was young was Jin Bun, the son of Kung-ta-bu-mi (aka Bhre Kertabhumi alias Brawijaya V) the king of Majapahit (Pararaton version) from a Chinese concubine. Then a Chinese concubine was given to a half-Chinese blood named Swan Liong in Palembang.

 Swan Liong was the son of Yang-wi-si-sa (aka Hyang Purwawisesa or Brawijaya III) from a Chinese concubine.  From this second marriage, Kin San (aka Raden Kusen) was born.

 This Chinese chronicle reports that Jin Bun's birth year was 1455. Perhaps Raden Fatah was born when Bhre Kertabhumi was not yet king (reigned 1474-1478).

 According to the history of Banten, the founder of Demak was named Cu Cu (Gan Eng Wan), the son (or subordinate) of the former Chinese prime minister (Haji Gan Eng Cu) who moved to East Java.  Cu Cu served in Majapahit and was instrumental in crushing the rebellion of Arya Dilah, the regent of Palembang.

 This news is quite strange because in the Chronicle of Tanah Jawi, Arya Dilah is another name for Arya Damar, Raden Fatah's adoptive father.

 Furthermore, for his services, Cu Cu became the son-in-law of the king of Majapahit and became the regent of Demak with the title Arya Sumangsang (Aria Suganda).  Although there are various versions, it is said that the founder of Demak had relations with Majapahit, China, Gresik, and Palembang.

 The Chronicle of Tanah Jawi states that Raden Fatah refused to replace Arya Damar as regent of Palembang.  He fled to the island of Java accompanied by Raden Kusen.

 Arriving in Java, both studied at Sunan Ampel in Surabaya.  Raden Kusen then served in Majapahit, while Raden Fatah moved to Central Java to open the Glagahwangi forest into a pesantren.

 The longer Glagahwangi Islamic Boarding School is progressing.  Brawijaya (aka Bhre Kertabhumi) in Majapahit was worried that Raden Fatah was planning to rebel.  Raden Kusen, who at that time had been appointed Duke of Terung, was ordered to summon Raden Fatah.

 Raden Kusen confronted Raden Fatah to Majapahit.  Brawijaya (identified as Brawijaya V) was impressed and finally accepted Raden Fatah as his son. Raden Fatah was appointed as regent, while Glagahwangi was renamed Demak, with the capital city named NCO.

 Meanwhile, according to Chinese chronicles, Jin Bun moved from Surabaya to Demak in 1475. Then, he conquered Semarang in 1477, as a vassal of Demak.

 This made Kung-ta-bu-mi (aka Bhre Kertabhumi) in Majapahit restless.  However, thanks to the persuasion of Bong Swi Hoo (aka Sunan Ampel), Kung-ta-bu-mi is willing to recognize Jin Bun as a child, and formalize his position as regent in Bing-to-lo (Chinese spelling for Bintoro).

 According to the chronicle and fiber manuscripts, Raden Fatah had three wives.  The first was the daughter of Sunan Ampel, who became the main consort, giving birth to Raden Surya and Raden Trenggono.  Each successively, then ascended the throne, holding the title Prince Sabrang Lor and Sultan Trenggono.

 The second wife, a daughter from Randu Sanga, gave birth to Raden Kanduruwan.  This Raden Kanduruwan during the reign of Sultan Trenggono was instrumental in conquering Sumenep.

 The third wife was the daughter of the regent of Jipang, who gave birth to Raden Kikin and Ratu Mas Nyawa.  When Prince Sabrang Lor died in 1521, Raden Kikin and Raden Trenggono competed for the throne.

 Raden Kikin was eventually killed by Raden Trennggono's eldest son, Raden Mukmin alias Sunan Prawata, on the river bank.  Therefore, Raden Kikin was nicknamed Prince Sekar Seda ing Lepen, meaning the flowers that fell in the river.

 The Chinese chronicle only mentions two sons of Jin Bun, namely Yat Sun and Tung-ka-lo, who are identical to Prince Sabrang Lor and Sultan Trenggono respectively. 

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When Ken Arok's 'pellet' made Ken Dedes mute until he trembled

AS one of Ken Dedes' bodyguards, Ken Arok did not meet the 'employer' once.  Ken Arok is really in love with the beauty of Ken Dedes.  Even because of the beauty of Ken Dedes' body, this is what Ken Arok makes Ken Arok fall in love with.

 Once, when Ken Arok was on a night vigil with his troops in Tumapel, he met Ken Dedes.  This is revealed in the book "Black and White Ken Arok from Victory to Collapse" by Muhammad Syamsuddin. At that time, Ken Arok crossed the road that divides the Pakuwuan building and the fruit garden that surrounds the inner temple.  At that time he saw a palanquin carried by four slaves.  Arriving behind the Pakuwuan door, the stretcher stopped and was lowered.

 From there came a woman Paramesywari Tumapel Ken Dedes.  Knowing the presence of Ken Dedes, Ken Arok and his two friends immediately knelt down to pay their respects. At that time, Ken Arok was immediately fascinated by Ken Dedes' beautiful face.  Ken Dedes body with yellowish white skin and his body is graceful and full of authority. In fact, the cloth covering Ken Dedes' thighs was accidentally revealed, due to the night wind that was blowing.  As a result, Ken Arok saw the thigh covered in cloth.

 Ken Arok's eyes were caught in shock when he saw Ken Dedes' thighs.  When he saw the vulnerable areas of Ken Dedes's body, the knowledge taught by the Lohgawe teacher immediately worked.  Ken Arok's eyes immediately emitted a light that conquered Ken Dedes who was in front of him. The look in Ken Arok's eyes made Ken Dedes captivated.  As a result, Ken Dedes seemed unable to move so he was silent in place, near his stretcher.  Ken Dedes' body was shivering and his steps were so heavy as he headed for the entrance to Pakuwuan.

 Ken Dedes' hands shook when he opened the Pakuwuan door, but he couldn't open it.  Finally, Ken Arok swiftly ran towards the door and helped open it.  The door opened and Ken Dedes went straight into the Prohibition Park. 

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Gajah Mada's shrewdness Conquered 2 Great Kingdoms, Samudera Pasai and Sunda

ambition to conquer all kingdoms in the archipelago through the Palapa Oath when he was appointed Mahapatih Amangkubhumi of the Majapahit Kingdom in 1258 Saka (1334 AD).

 Gajah Mada, who was initially underestimated by Majapahit officials, finally proved his words.  Gajah Mada's shrewd strategy was finally proven to be able to conquer the kingdoms in the archipelago.  However, there are 2 large kingdoms that are quite difficult to conquer by Majapahit, namely Samudra Pasai and Sunda.

 In an effort to conquer Samudra Pasai, Gajah Mada sent envoys to order the Islamic kingdom to submit to Majapahit. Samudra Pasai is known to be the first Islamic kingdom in the archipelago and is located in the Malacca Strait area.  The beauty and fame of Samudra Pasai was recognized by world adventurers Marcopolo who had stopped around 1292. Samudra Pasai continued to grow, until the reign of Malikuddhahir II made rapid progress. However, Mahapatih Gajah Mada's wish was immediately rejected by King Malikuddhahir II.  The refusal was conveyed to the Gajah Mada envoy who faced Malikuddhahir II.

 "Tell Gajah Mada, Samudra Pasai is a sovereign country and will not submit to any kingdom, including Majapahit," said Malikuddhahir II.

 "I'm just conveying your message, sir. Well, my message will also be conveyed to Majapahit," said the Majapahit envoy while saying goodbye. Since the departure of the Majapahit envoy, Malikuddhahir II realized that Majapahit would not remain silent and would definitely send troops to attack him.  For this reason, Malikuddhahir II ordered his warlords to prepare for all eventualities.

 Sure enough, after hearing the answer from Samudra Pasai, Majapahit immediately mobilized his troops to attack Samudra Pasai.  About 50 ships are ready to attack Samudra Pasai.

 Seeing the arrival of the Majapahit troops, Samudra Pasai immediately formed a force by preparing all his troops for war.  In the end, the two armies faced each other on the coast.  "It's better for you to surrender and submit to Majapahit before we finish everything off," said the Majapahit warlord.

 Hearing the threat, the commander of Samudra Pasai replied calmly.  "We will not give up an inch of our land," he said.

 Anger immediately enveloped the Majapahit commander upon hearing this answer.  "Well it looks like you chose to die," he said as he prepared to order his soldiers to fight.

 War was inevitable, casualties fell from both sides.  The words of takbir continued to be heard from the Samudra Pasai troops.  It is said that the war lasted for three days and only stopped at dusk.

 Entering the fourth day, Malikuddhahir began to count, he considered the Majapahit troops must be starting to weaken and decrease.  So the decision was taken to conduct an ambush directly to the inn tents of the Majapahit troops.

 The ambush that was carried out before that morning was successful, all of the Majapahit troops surrendered, including the commander.  However, by the Pasai Kingdom they were not taken prisoner but were ordered to return to Majapahit.  Despite being defeated in the first war, it is reported that Majapahit did not give up. Majapahit again attacked Samudra Pasai led by Gajah Mada.  When the second attack Majapahit did it from two directions, land and sea.  Tragically, at the time of the attack, there was a shock in Samudra Pasai due to rebellions and power struggles.

 Although Samudra Pasai's troops succeeded in repelling Majapahit's land forces, Majapahit's sea troops managed to enter the city of Pasai and control it. The position of the Sunda Kingdom was quite unique to Majapahit.  Sunda was a kingdom of its own, free and independent, but on the same island as Majapahit, namely, Jawadwipa.

 In addition, there is no reason to fight the Sunda Kingdom because the two kingdoms have been on good terms so far.  Plus the statement in the inscription of king Sri Jayabhupati in the 11th century was found in Sukabumi.

 There is an interpretation similar to the title with King Airlangga, Jayabhuapti 'Haji ri Sunda' (King of Sunda) in fact there are still blood relations with the kings of the East Java region in his mass.

 So, the kings of Jayabhupati were still related to the rulers in East Java at that time.  However, in Gajah Mada's eyes, the position of an independent Sunda interfered with proving his oath. Gajah Mada saw this opportunity as an opportunity as well as a weakness for the King of Sunda who came to Majapahit to hand over his daughter to Majapahit.

 Dyah Pitaloka's marriage plan with Hayam Wuruk is purely a matter of romance, the relationship between men and women, there are no political nuances in it.

 Therefore, when the Sunda King's entourage arrived at Bubat Village, the village head went to King Hayam Wuruk to inform him that the Sunda King's entourage had arrived.

 The news was welcomed by King Hayam Wuruk and the palace officials.  Moreover, they have prepared a massive welcome by decorating the palace.

 Even King Hayam Wuruk prepared to welcome the group to Bubat Village.  However, the patih Gajah Mada showed his displeasure with the intention of King Hayam Wuruk following his prospective besan to Bubat Village.

 Gajah Mada, who was indeed a senior and elder governor, dared to criticize the young and inexperienced King Wuruk.  Because according to Gajah Mada, it is tantamount to degrading Majapahit's dignity.

 The ministers who heard Gajah Mada's anger were shocked.  But they were too afraid of Gajah Mada.  Likewise, Hayam Wuruk finally chose to obey Gajah Mada's wishes rather than pick up his future wife Dyah Pitaloka who was waiting in Bubat Village.

 Finally, the inexperienced King Hayam Wuruk decided to stay in the palace following Gajah Mada's wishes.

 Then, the Sunda King's entourage received a leak about Gajah Mada's dislike of the Sunda King's entourage.

 The king of Sunda sent 300 soldiers to Majapahit to face Gajah Mada.  In essence, explaining that the King of Sunda accepted the proposal of King Hayam Wuruk as his son-in-law to be compared to their beautiful daughter Dyah Pitaloka. However, Gajah Mada's regent's response to the group of Sundanese soldiers was full of contempt.  Gajah Mada said, the Kings of Sunda had to give up their daughters as offerings to the conquered areas of Majapahit such as vassal areas or other conquered areas.

 Of course, the Sundanese envoys rejected Gajah Mada's wishes.  Great strife ensued between the two camps.  Smaranata Brahmin from the Palace intervened to prevent further bloodshed.

 Finally, the group of Sundanese soldiers returned to Bubat.  It was announced that in two days a Majapahit envoy would come to Bubat to resolve this issue.

 The promised two days came 100 Majapahit soldiers to Bubat.  The message they brought was the same as Gajah Mada's statement that the King of Sunda had to hand over their daughter to King Hayam Wuruk as a vassal or conquered deity.

 Of course, this condition was rejected by the King of Sunda and his soldiers.  They are ready to fight to the last blood to defend the pride of the Sunda Kingdom.

 Even though they realized that their position was weak because they brought a small troupe of soldiers.  To retreat, return to Sunda is not possible because the distance is too far.  Finally, the Majapahit troops led by Gajah Mada surrounded the tents of the Sundanese soldiers.

 Without mercy, all the Sundanese kings, including the king, ministers, aristocrats, nobles, soldiers were killed.

 The only official of the Sunda Kingdom who survived was Pitar who pretended to be dead in the corpses of the Sunda King's entourage who bravely fought the Majapahit army led by Gajah Mada.

 Pitar finally brought the sad news to the consort of the King of Sunda and the daughter of Dyah Pitaloka, whom Hayam Wuruk would marry, who had previously been evacuated from Bubat Village.

 Due to deep sadness, the queen consort of the King of Sunda and the wives of the ministers came to the battlefield and committed mass suicide on the bodies of their husbands. Meanwhile, the daughters of the King of Sunda Dyah Pitaloka chose to commit suicide by stabbing themselves in the stomach according to the advice of the empress dowager.

 It is said that in one version it is said that King Hayam Wuruk who heard his future wife committed suicide was devastated.  Upon finding Dyah Pitaloka's body, Hayam Wuruk fainted.  Since then the life of King Hayam Wuruk languished until he died. 

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Mpu Gandring, Maker of 'Keris Sakti' Subscribe to Royal Highness in East Java

Mpu Gandring asked Ken Arok to be patient first and wait as agreed at the beginning.  But it was not accepted by Ken Arok, he still insisted on taking the unfinished keris.

 An argument broke out between Mpu Gandring and Ken Arok, until finally the kris was stabbed into Mpu Gandring's body.  Mpu Gandring was killed instantly with his own dagger.  Ken Arok succeeded in proving that the keris was sacred by being able to kill the maker with one stab.  The keris can also break Mpu Gandring's stone mortar. In a condition that has died, Mpu Gandring also cast a curse on Ken Arok.  Mpu Gandring gave an oath and cursed that the keris would kill seven of Ken Arok's descendants, including Ken Arok himself.

 Ken Arok, who was eager to kill stumps Ametung, finally left stumps Ametung, who died covered in blood.  Ken Arok returned to Tumapel to realize his intention to overthrow the government of Tunggul Ametung and kill him.

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Gajah Mada's tactic to conquer Kebo Iwa, the Patih of the Balinese Kingdom who was afraid of Majapahit

The kingdom of Bali is one of the areas in the archipelago that is difficult to subdue the Majapahit Kingdom under the leadership of Patih Gajah Mada.  Photo Illustration/Ist

 The kingdom of Bali is one of the areas in the archipelago that is difficult to subdue the Majapahit Kingdom under the leadership of Patih Gajah Mada.  For generations, the kingdoms in Bali were ruled by kings descended from the Warmadewa dynasty.

 The kingdom of Bali in 1337 AD, known as the Kingdom of Bali Aga with the center of government of this kingdom is said to be located in Be predecessor.  Therefore, the Kingdom of Bali Aga is often called the Kingdom of Be predecessor or Bedulu.

 The last ruler of the Bali Aga Kingdom was named Sri Ratna Bumi Banten.  It was this king who opposed the expansion of the Majapahit Kingdom led by Gajah Mada in 1343. The kingdom of Bali was difficult to conquer by the Majapahit army because the ability of its capable army plus Patih Kebo Iwa and his powerful warlords made this kingdom difficult to conquer.

 Patih Kebo Iwa lives in Belahbatuh, it is said that his supernatural powers frightened Mahapatih Gajah Mada.

 Where Gajah Mada is afraid to face Kebo Iwa directly.  Patih Gajah Mada indeed felt that there was a great difficulty that haunted him and had not been felt before.

 Not as usual, although Gajah Mada often faced bigger and stronger enemies and had complete war equipment.  But facing the Bali Aga Kingdom, there was a sense of fear and hesitation sneaking up on Gajah Mada.

 But the oath of Palapa Gajah Mada to unite the archipelago must be carried out.  Because of that Gajah Mada and the retainer of the Majapahit Kingdom arranged a strategy to kill Kebo Iwa in order to control the Bali Aga Kingdom. It is said that one day all the officials of the Majapahit Kingdom held a meeting to discuss the Bali Aga Kingdom which did not want to submit.

 In fact, hierarchically, the Bali Aga Kingdom should submit to Majapahit because the Majapahit Kingdom had conquered the Daha Kingdom.

 Gajah Mada who took part in the meeting had conveyed his expression regarding the fame of the Bali Aga Kingdom.

 Through a palace priest (Pendeta Purohita) named Danghyang Asmaranata, Gajah Mada also talked about the supernatural powers of Kebo Iwa, one of the leading courtiers of the Bali Aga Kingdom.

 According to Gajah Mada, as long as Kebo Iwa is still in Bali, Majapahit will find it difficult to face the Bali Aga Kingdom openly.

 In the meeting, a strategy was arranged in such a way as to conquer the Bali Aga Kingdom. The Majapahit king finally decided, before Gajah Mada attacked Bali, Kebo Iwa as a strong and powerful person in Bali had to be removed first.

 The Majapahit Queen, Putri Tribhuwana Tunggadewi, then sent Gajah Mada to Bali to bring a letter which stated that the Queen of Majapahit wanted friendship with King Bali Aga.

 In addition, the arrival of Gajah Mada to Bali is a strategy to take a close look at the strength of the soldiers of the Bali Aga Kingdom.

 Gajah Mada's departure to Bali was deliberately not seen as conspicuous.  He was only accompanied by a few important people so as not to arouse suspicion. 

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The History of Wisnuwardhana, The Only King of Singasari Who Died Naturally

RANGGAWUNI managed to avenge the death of his father Anusapati.  He later became king in Singasari.  Anusapati is the son of Tunggul Ametung and Ken Dedes.

 In a battle, Tohjaya (son of Ken Arok and Ken Dedes) who had previously killed Anusapati was seriously injured and fled out of town.  However, because his injuries were so severe he finally died in the village of Katang Lumbang, whose location is still unknown. After defeating Tohjaya, Ranggawuni ascended the throne with the title Wisnuwardhana.  Ranggawuni controls the government with Mahesa Campaka, son of Mahesa Wong Ateleng. Mahesa Campaka received the title Ratu Angga Bhaya, namely the official in charge of security (danger).  In his reign, Singasari felt safe.

 One of Wisnuwardhana's wise actions was to appoint his son, Kertanagara, as viceroy (yuwa raja) in 1254. Yuwa raja's position was as Viceroy, the Crown Prince who would succeed the King after the King died.  A cadre step that should be followed. Wisnuwardhana reigned between 1248 and 1268. He was the only Singasari king who died a natural death.  His ashes were placed in Waleri in his manifestation as Shiva and Jajaghu (Jago Temple) as Buddha Amughapasa. 

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