The Samudera Pasai Kingdom is located in Aceh, and is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia. This kingdom was founded by Meurah Silu in 1267 AD. Archaeological evidence of the existence of this kingdom is the discovery of the tombs of the Pasai kings in the village of Geudong, North Aceh. This tomb is located near the ruins of the central building of the Samudera kingdom in Beuringin village, Samudera sub-district, about 17 km east of Lhokseumawe. Among the tombs of these kings, there is the name of Sultan Malik al-Saleh, the first King of Pasai. Malik al-Saleh was Meurah Silu's new name after he converted to Islam, and was the first Islamic sultan in Indonesia. Reigned approximately 29 years (1297-1326 AD). The Samudera Pasai Kingdom was a combination of the Pase and Peurlak kingdoms, with the first king Malik al-Saleh.
A Muslim traveler from the Maghreb, Ibn Bathutah had visited Pasai in 1346 AD he also related that, when he was in China, he saw the existence of the Sultan of Pasai's ship in China. Indeed, Chinese sources do mention that Pasai emissaries regularly came to China to hand over tributes. Other information also states that the Sultan of Pasai sent an envoy to Quilon, West India in 1282 AD This proves that Pasai has quite extensive relations with foreign kingdoms.
In its heyday, Samudera Pasai was an important commercial center in the region, visited by merchants from various countries, such as China, India, Siam, Arabia and Persia. The main commodity is pepper. As a large trading city, Samudera Pasai issued a gold currency called the dirham. This money is used officially in the kingdom. Apart from being a trading center, Samudera Pasai is also a center for the development of Islam.
Along with the times, the Ocean experienced a decline, until it was conquered by Majapahit around 1360 AD. In 1524 AD it was conquered by the Aceh kingdom.
FAMILY TREE
1. Sultan Malikul Saleh (1267-1297 AD)
2. Sultan Muhammad Malikul Zahir (1297-1326 AD)
3. Sultan Mahmud Malik Az-Zahir (1326 ± 1345
4. Sultan Malik Az-Zahir (?- 1346)
5. Reigning Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (ca. 1346-1383)
6. Sultan Zain Al-Abidin Malik Az-Zahir who ruled (1383-1405)
7. Sultanah Nahrasiyah, who ruled (1405-1412)
8. The reigning Sultan Sallah Ad-Din (ca. 1402-?)
9. The ninth Sultan was Abu Zaid Malik Az-Zahir (?-1455)
10.Sultan Mahmud Malik Az-Zahir, ruled (ca. 1455-ca. 1477)
11.Sultan Zain Al-'Abidin, ruled (ca.1477-ca.1500)
12.Sultan Abdullah Malik Az-Zahir, who ruled (ca.1501-1513)
13.Sultan Zain Al'Abidin, who ruled 1513-1524
GOVERNMENT PERIOD
The period of Samudera Pasai's reign lasted about 3 centuries, from the 13th century to the 16th century AD.
TERRITORY OF POWER
Pasai's territory covered the territory of Aceh at that time.
GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
The highest leadership of the kingdom was in the hands of the sultan who usually ruled for generations. In addition to having a sultan as the head of the kingdom, there are also several other positions, such as the Minister for the Great (Prime Minister or the Big Rich), a Treasurer, a Military Commander or Navy Commander who is better known as an Admiral, a Royal Secretary, a Chief Justice A religion called Qadi, and several Shahbandars who headed and supervised foreign merchants in the port cities that were under the influence of the kingdom. Usually these porters also served as liaisons between the sultan and foreign traders.
In addition, according to the notes of M. Yunus Jamil, that the officials of the Islamic Kingdom of Samudera Pasai consisted of pious and wise people. Their names and positions are as follows:
1. Seri Kaya Saiyid Ghiyasyuddin, as Prime Minister.
2. Saiyid Ali bin Ali Al Makaarani, as Shaykhul Islam.
3. Bring Kayu Ali Hisamuddin Al Malabari, as Minister of Foreign Affairs
POLITICAL LIFE
The Samudra Pasai Kingdom which was founded by Marah Silu with the title Sultan Malik al-Saleh, as the first king who ruled in 1285 – 1297. During his reign, there came a traveler from Venice (Italy) in 1292 named Marcopolo, through Marcopolo's travel records it can be known that the king of Samudra Pasai has the title Sultan. After Sultan Malik al-Saleh died, his reign was replaced by his descendants, namely Sultan Muhammad who had the title Sultan Malik al-Tahir I (1297-1326). The successor of Sultan Muhammad was Sultan Ahmad who also had the title Sultan Malik al-Tahir II (1326 – 1348). At this time the government of Samudra Pasai was growing rapidly and continued to establish relations with Islamic kingdoms in India and Arabia. Even through the records of the visit of Ibn Battuta, an envoy from the Sultan of Delhi in 1345, it can be seen that Samudra Pasai was an important port and his palace was arranged and arranged in an Indian way and his governor was titled Amir. In the later period, the government of Samudra Pasai was not widely known because the government of Sultan Zaenal Abidin who also had the title of Sultan Malik al-Tahir III was less clear. According to Malay history, the Samudra Pasai kingdom was attacked by the Siamese kingdom. Thus, due to the absence of complete historical data, the collapse of the Pasai Ocean is not clearly known. From the explanation above, do you understand? If you understand, see the description of the next material.
ECONOMIC LIFE
With its strategic location, Samudra Pasai developed as a maritime kingdom, and a transit port. Thus Samudra Pasai replaced Srivijaya's role in the Malacca Strait.
The Samudra Pasai Kingdom has hegemony (influence) over important ports in Pidie, Perlak, and others. Samudra Pasai developed rapidly during the reign of Sultan Malik al-Tahir II. This is also in accordance with the statement of Ibn Batulah.
The important trade commodities from the Ocean were pepper, camphor and gold. And for the sake of trade, money is known as a medium of exchange, namely gold money called Deureuham (dirham).
SOCIAL CULTURAL LIFE
It has been mentioned earlier that Pasai was a great empire, center of trade and the development of Islam. As a great kingdom, in this kingdom also developed a life that produced good written works. A group of creative minorities managed to use Arabic letters brought by Islam to write their works in Malay. This is what is then called the Jawi language, and the letters are called Arabic Jawi. Among these papers is Hikayat Raja Pasai (HRP). The initial part of this text is estimated to have been written around 1360 AD HRP marked the beginning of the development of classical Malay literature in the archipelago. The Malay language was later also used by Shaykh Abdurrauf al-Singkili to write his books.
In line with that, also developed the science of Sufism. Among the Sufism books translated into Malay is Durru al-Manzum, by Maulana Abu Ishak. This book was later translated into Malay by Makhdum Patakan, at the request of the Sultan of Malacca. The information above tells a bit of the role that has been played by Samudera Pasai in its position as the center of Islamic civilization in Southeast Asia at that time.
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