History of the Establishment of the Demak Kingdom

The Sultanate of Demak was the first Islamic kingdom on the island of Java which was founded at the end of the 15th century.

 The founder of the Demak Kingdom was Raden Patah, the son of Prabu Brawijaya, the last king of the Majapahit Kingdom.

 Demak is a duchy under the Majapahit Kingdom which is recorded as a pioneer in the spread of Islam on the island of Java.

 With the help of the wali sanga, Raden Patah built the Kingdom of Demak into a center for trade and the spread of Islam.

 The Demak Sultanate managed to reach its peak of glory during the reign of Sultan Trenggono (1521-1546 AD).

 In this period, Demak became the strongest kingdom in Java with a very wide territory. Demak was previously an area called Bintoro or Gelagahwangi, which was a duchy area under the rule of the Majapahit Kingdom Once, Raden Patah was ordered by his teacher, Sunan Ampel from Surabaya, to migrate to the west and settle in a place protected by fragrant reeds.

 Raden Patah is the son of King Brawijaya from his wife called Putri Cina.

 In his wanderings, Raden Patah found the place that Sunan Ampel was referring to and named it Demak. The heyday and fall of the Demak Kingdom

 After Raden Patah died in 1518, the throne of Demak was continued by his son Adipati Unus (1518-1521 AD), then Sultan Trenggono (1521-1546 AD).

 As the third king of the Demak Sultanate, Sultan Trenggono succeeded in bringing the kingdom to its heyday.

 During his reign, Demak became the center of the spread of Islam and its territory extended to the eastern and western parts of Java.

 Sultan Trenggono died in 1546 during an attack on Pasuruan.

 After that, there was a dispute over who had the right to occupy the throne and the capital city of Demak was badly damaged.

 This was the beginning of the collapse of the Demak Kingdom until it actually fell into the hands of Sultan Hadiwijaya or Jaka Tingkir, the founder of the Pajang Kingdom.

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miri gambar temple

Miri Gambar Temple is a building that is thought to be a relic of the early Majapahit era or even earlier.  The location is in Miri Gambar Village, Sumbergempol, Tulungagung, next to a field. Miri Gambar Temple is estimated to have been built at the end of the 12th century until the end of the 14th century, according to the relief figures carved on this temple, namely 1214 Saka and 1310 Saka.  This temple was discussed by NJKrom at the meeting of the Inleiding Tot de Hindoe-Javaansche Kunst in 1923. In a book [reference needed] in the 3rd volume there is a photo showing the condition of the temple in the early 20th century, which at that time was mentioned as  Image Temple.  In the photo, the condition of the back of the temple looks destroyed while the south side of the temple appears to have three relief panels.  Both panels still look very good, but the top corner of the center panel is slightly damaged. The structure of the temple is made of red stone.  On the walls of the temple there are relief sculptures.  There are many reliefs carved on the walls of the temple.  This temple faces west with a rectangular floor plan with three levels.  The view of the temple juts out, and there are 7 levels of stairs.  The temple still shows its beauty even though one side of the temple is destroyed.  The relief panels found in Miri Gambar Temple used to be 11 fields.  However, unfortunately the relief panels were destroyed.  But there is still one relief panel that remains and its condition can still be said to be good.  The relief panels are on the front wall of the first terrace in the form of four people.  The four figures include a man in a tekes hat, two women in the middle, and a man who is fat and has his hair curled on top of his head.  [1] The panel on the front side of the first terrace of Miri Gambar Temple tells the story of Panji, but it is not known from which play.

 In addition to the depiction of human figures, the second terrace also depicts the reliefs of animals on the third panel which are still in quite good condition.  At the corner of the meeting point between the foot wall of the temple and the cheek of the stairs, there is a pilaster-shaped sculpture.  The pilaster protrudes beyond the wall of the first terrace.  On the north and south sides there are reliefs of a tall and burly man with the appearance of curly hair in a bun on top of his head, wearing an open cloth, and wearing a bracelet.  On the back and around his body are depicted several carved motifs in the form of tendrils, clouds, rocks, and leaves, as if depicting a dense forest.

 The two ends of the cheeks of the temple stairs are not in the form of curls like temples during the Majapahit era, but are in the form of a sitting lion and its two front legs are standing. 

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kotes temple

Kotes Temple is a temple complex located in Kotes Village, Gandusari District, Blitar Regency, East Java.Kotes Temple is also commonly known as Papoh Temple.  Kotes Temple was first restored by the Antiquities Service (Oudheidkundige Dienst) in 1921.[1]  The Kotes Temple complex consists of two buildings called Kotes Temple I and Kotes Temple II.  Kotes temple is Hindu-Saiwa religious which can be seen from the statues found.  Taking into account the number of years attached to the temple's stone, it is estimated that Kotes Temple originated from the early days of the Majapahit Kingdom.  At the temples on the slopes of the mountain, there are three main altars or two altars and a replica of the temple which is located on a terraced building attached to the slopes of the temple mountain.Kotes I Temple has a length of 360 cm, a width of 224 cm, a height of 142 cm, and the structure of the temple building is only the foot of the temple which is rectangular.  The temple building faces west and on the northeast side of the temple there is a carving of the number 1223 Saka (1301 AD).  At the foot of the temple there are two altars and a miniature temple.  This miniature temple has three parts, namely the roof of the temple, the body of the temple and the foot of the temple.  On the body of the temple there is a gate facing west and above the door there is an ornament in the form of kala, while on the north, east and south sides of the temple body there are pseudo niches on which there is also a kala decoration.  The roof of the temple is in the form of a cube filled with antefic carvings and decorations. There are three batur/plys in the temple courtyard which are lined to the back and facing west.  The first Batur is located at the front, the stairs are on the west side with the cheeks of the stairs being right-angled.  to the right of the stairs there is an altar in the form of a table.  Above Batur there are two altars and a miniature temple.  the second and third batur have no altar but there are several pedestals.  On the cheeks of the first and second there is an inscription in the form of the number of the year 1223 Saka (1301 AD).  Several statues, namely the statues of Ganesha, Durga Mahadewa, Guru (Agastya), and Nandi which were once found in the temple are now no longer in place.

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the batu tulis site

   The Batu Tulis inscription site is located in Batu Tulis village, Sukasari Bogor.  This site is a relic of the Pajajaran Kingdom.  The inscription was made in 1533M (1455 Saka) by King Surawisesa (1521-1535M) who was the successor of the Padjajaran Kingdom  the inscription complex, one can find the Stone Tread (the former soles of King Surawisesa's feet), a stone table that used to be a place for offerings at every celebration, a stone that was used as a throne for the inaugurated king, a stone phallus and five stone pillars which are clowns (accompaniment-guard-carriers).  ) of the stone phallus.

 This stone phallus is a former royal heirloom stick of Pajajaran which symbolizes fertility and strength.  About 200 meters from the inscription complex, namely in the Panaisan area which is the former Pajajaran royal square, you can also find 4 stone areas.

 The four areas are the statues of Purwakali, Gelak Nyawang, Kidang Pinanjung and Layung Jambul on the right of which are the Mahaguru, bodyguard, and caretaker of Prabu Siliwangi.

 “Unfortunately now this stone statue has no head.  It was stolen by someone,” said the site caretaker, Maemunah.

 The strength and majesty of Prabu Siliwangi is believed to reside in the Slate so as to provide protection to the country from enemy attacks and give strength to the reigning King.

 The power in question is the inner strength of King Siliwangi with the previous kings who continue to overshadow and protect the kingdom with the energy of love and compassion.

 The implicit meaning of the Slate inscription which is actually a 'treasure' from the Kingdom of Padjajaran is a 'noble teaching' from Prabu Siliwangi about the nature and character: Silih Asih - Asah - Asuh  Loving or loving each other, sharpening each other by actively discussing, exchanging ideas, and caring for each other fill in life.

 "This is what should be understood and done as a real child of the nation," he said.

 The slate is the place of coronation for the kings of Pajajaran, including King Siliwangi (1482-1521).  Siliwangi from the word Asalih Fragrant or changing names.

 Prabu Siliwangi has the title Prabu Guru Dewata Prana.  Then he was crowned again for the second time with the title Sri Baduga Maharaja Ratu Haji at Pakuan Pajajaransri Sang Ratu Dewata.

 While in power, Prabu Siliwangi built the Pajajaran moat and fort (now the traces of which can be seen behind the Pusdikzi Lawang Gintung dormitory.

 Another legacy is making a memorial in the form of mountains, Samida forest, Rena Naha Wijaya lake which is famous for Lubuk Sipatahunan (the former is in the Bogor Botanical Gardens).

 The Slate was made during Suwawisesa, the son of King Siliwangi (1521-1535) when he was in power.  This inscription is dedicated to his late father to boast of his genealogy and the greatness of his father's work.

 At that time, the Batu Tulis area was used for religious ceremonies, so that Sri Baduga Maharaja, who was considered to be residing in the phallus (symbol of fertility) as a sign of his power, was able to protect the country threatened by the enemy.

 In the Batu Tulis area, there are 15 stone relics of the type of terracite found along the Cisadane stream.  Six stones inside the cupola, one stone on the terrace and eight stones on the outside.

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site ngurawan

The traffic flow on the Madiun-Ponorogo highway is heavy.  The fumes of the vehicle combined with the scorching heat.  Exactly, in Ngrawan Hamlet, Dolopo Village, Dolopo District, Madiun Regency, the Ngurawan site was found.  The excavation or excavation has not been completed.  The history behind the Ngurawan site is still a mystery.

 A stone's throw from the Nguwaran site, there is a house building where part of the living room has been transformed into a storage room for ancient objects.  The room is 8 meters wide and 12 meters long and has eight glass cabinets.  Each cupboard contains various archaeological objects from the Ngurawan site excavation.

 Suhanto or who is familiarly called Gatot, the owner of the house greets every visitor.  He is the owner of the house, part of the yard in the north of the house is the location for the excavation of the Ngurawan site.  Gatot told his late father, Sarnu, that there was a hidden building behind the house.  This story has been passed down from generation to generation by Gatot.  Residents also accidentally found various archaeological objects when digging the ground for brick raw materials.

 After 20 years of his father's death, in March 2016 Gatot dug a plot of land behind his house.  Five people were employed assisted by local residents.  Before digging, he asked the village government and the police for permission.

 “The government of Madiun Regency, he said, has already decided.  However, the land is still owned.  My own land.  The yard of the house," explained Gatot. In particular, the Yogyakarta Archeology team called the Ngurawan Site a classical period settlement site.  Crock, pottery, plates, and jugs show the peculiarities of the Majapahit period.  Also found pots from the Ming Dynasty, around the 14th and 15th centuries AD.

 Classical settlement sites also refer to brick-walled buildings.  Archaeologists suspect this building is a hydrological building.  Related to water management.  Because not far from the building, there is a river.  Until now the river is still flowing fast.

 In the past, the people who lived were Shiva or Hindu.  Around the Ngrawan Mosque, a statue of Dewi Parwati was found.  According to Hindu mythology, Parvati is the daughter of a mountain king from the Himalayas named Himawan.  Parvati is also considered the second wife of Shiva.

 Around the tomb behind the mosque, Yoni was found 60 centimeters high and 90 centimeters long.  Yoni is a symbol of fertility.  During the development of Hinduism, Yoni was a symbol of Goddess Parvati, the wife of Lord Shiva.  Yoni is the pedestal for the phallus or statue.

 In addition, it was also found that there was a topim that strengthened the existence of a kingdom in the region.  That is the area called "Kedaton" or "puntuk dhaton".  Another more powerful toponym is the name of the region itself.  Ngrawan village.  Reminiscent of the name Ngurawan.

 According to T.M.  Rita Istari, Chair of the Yogyakarta Archaeological Team (2017: 21), there are at least three inscriptions that mention the name Ngurawan or a name similar to Ngurawan.  First, the Mula-Malurung Inscription (1177 Caka or 1255 AD).  The inscription is in the form of 10 pieces of copper plates issued by the Kadiri Kingdom and given to Mula Village and Malurung Village.

 In the inscription it is stated that the Bracelet-gelang kingdom is in "Bhumi Wuruwan" while the Daha kingdom is in "Bhumi Kadiri".  The text in this inscription is considered stronger than the Pararathon and Nagarakertagama manuscripts.

 Second, the Taji inscription (823 Caka or 901 AD).  This Old Javanese inscription was issued by Rakryan I Watu Tihan Mpu Sanggramadurandara to inaugurate the priest's dormitory or kabikuan in Taji Hamlet, Bracelet Panaraga Village.  This inscription clearly mentions officials in the Bhurawan area.  Identical to the name Ngurawan.

 Third, the Pucangan inscription (951 Caka or 1029 AD).  It is said that King Airlangga attacked Wuratan.  The word Wuratan is close to Ngurawan.  In the Old Javanese language, "tha" and "wa/va" ​​have similarities.  So, Wurawan could be transcribed Wuratan.

 The existence of the Gelang-gelang kingdom or Ngurawan is still a matter of debate so far.  The epigrapher from the Netherlands, N.J.  Krom mentions that the Kingdom of Bracelets is the same as Daha or Kadiri.  However, this was denied by Prof.  Dr.  Raden Mas Ngabehi (Lesya) Poerbatjaraka, an expert on Ancient Java.  He said that based on the banner script, the Bracelets were located in the west of Mount Wilis, Pagotan/pagutan.  Meanwhile, the Yogyakarta BALAR team believes that based on the definition, Bracelets are closer to the village of Gelang which borders the villages of Glonggong and Ngrawan, Dolopo District.

 If you look at classical literary works in Sunda, Central Java, East Java, the word "Ngurawan" or "urawan" is indeed more popular than the name Bracelets.  Likewise in the Panji script.  There are three kingdoms that are often mentioned: Jenggala-Daha/Kediri, Singasari, and Ngurawan.

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The discovery of a Cultural Heritage Site in Bulusari village, Gempol district, Pasuruan district, East Java province.

On Friday, December 25, 2020 at 09.15 WIT, residents of Blimbing Hamlet, Bulusari Village, Gempol District, Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province were excited by the discovery of an ancient brick structure, namely the existence of an ancient brick with a diameter of 35 cm long x 20 cm wide x thick  12 cm.

 The discovery of the ancient brick structure was precisely at the location of the Blimbing hamlet, RT 01/RW 11, Bulusari village, Gempol district, Pasuruan district, which is adjacent to the Curing river.

 When the Merdeka Post journalist team came to the location to ask for information from Mr. H Moch Atim (54 years old) as the regional head of Blimbing hamlet and Imron (29 years old) as the head of the Blimbing hamlet Youth Organization, they took turns giving explanations. The first to discover this ancient brick masonry structure, then I reported it to Mr. H Moch Atim as the regional head of Blimbing hamlet,” said Brother Imron.

 "After receiving a report from the head of the Youth Organization for the discovery, I invited the youth organization and local residents to the location and after it became clear the ancient brick placemat, I immediately contacted the BPCB representative of the Pasuruan district," said Mr. H Moch Atim.

 Alkhamdulillah, on Saturday, December 26, 2020 representatives of the BPCB came directly to the location and gave an initial analysis that the discovery of this ancient brick placemat structure was a royal relic and cultural heritage.

 This finding has been directly submitted to the BPCB Trowulan Mojokerto district and God willing, in early January 2021 will conduct a review of the location of the discovery in Blimbing hamlet, Bulusari village, Gempol district, Pasuruan district.

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the adan adan site

The Adan-adan site (some call it the Gempur Temple Site) is one of the locations for archaeological sites in the form of finding historical objects such as temple foundation rocks, Makara, a drainage system (irrigation) in the form of (allegedly) reservoirs, ceramic shards and several statues from the era.  The kingdoms of Kadiri and Singosari are located in Adan-adan Village, Gurah District, Kediri Regency, East Java.The findings of this site are located around residential areas which are also adjacent to the Serinjing River Watershed (DAS) which is the cold lava flow area of ​​Mount Kelud. It is strongly suspected that this site was buried by an 11-layer thick layer of volcanic ash from Mount Kelud before it was discovered.[9]  In addition, the construction of this temple was disrupted by several disasters such as the eruption of Mount Kelud and a major flood from (temporarily suspected) the Serinjing River.The team responsible for the findings of this site is the National Archaeological Research Center Team (Puslit Arkenas).[9]  The team found the structure of the temple building made of stone and brick with an angle measuring 8 X 8 meters. According to the team's research, this site was built in the 11th century although the area of ​​Kediri and its surroundings has indeed been a cultural center since the era of Mpu Sindok in the 9th century.[9]  In fact, there are sources that say this site is the same age as the era of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom.[3]  Referring to the findings of 2016 and 2017, there will be a large-scale excavation plan in 2019.[11]  However, when archaeological objects were found at the site, soil was filled by the National Archaeological Research Center Team (Puslit Arkenas).[12]  The hope of the research team is that a monastery is also found near the site location because there are findings in the form of a participation system.[4]  Apart from Adan-adan Village, similar findings were also found in Wonorejo Village, Semanding, Pagu District, Kediri.The rock finds in Wonorejo Village itself are considered unusual because the rock shapes found are octagonal (octagonal).  )

 In fact, there has been a similar excavation conducted by BP3 Trowulan in the 1990s which refers to Makara's findings in this area in the 1970s. However, when excavations were carried out at that time, there were many strange events such as the rock bottom that collapsed from the previous 3 meters to 5 meters to local residents who went crazy because of urination in the location around the site.[15]  In addition, local residents tried to maintain the purity and sanctity of this site when it was first discovered before it was decided to open to the public in 2016.[6]  In addition, according to Novi Bahrul Munib (an archaeologist from Kediri), the Red and White flag belonging to the Majapahit Kingdom is thought to have come from this site because the Red and White Flag belonging to the Majapahit Kingdom is similar to that of the Jayakatwang Troops from Kediri.[16]

 When re-excavation was carried out on July 1-15 2019, several researchers found several interesting discoveries.The findings include: the Dhyanibuddha Amitabha Arca Fragment, the statue's pedestal fragment, and the Bodhisattva statue's head.These findings indicate that the relics of the Adan-adan Site include the relics of the Mahayana Buddha

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