It is written in history that at the end of the 1400s, Majapahit's condition was getting weaker and rebellions and power struggles between brothers occurred repeatedly. When Prabu Kertabumi [Brawijaya V] fell, refugees from relatives of the Majapahit Kingdom fled to the capital of the Galuh Kingdom which was in Kawali, Kuningan, West Java. Raden Baribin who is the brother of King Kertabumi was also received with open arms by King Dewa Niskala and married Ratna Ayu Kirana who is one of the daughters of King Dewa Niskala.
The king also married one of the refugee families of Raden Barinbin's entourage. King Susuktunggal who came from the Sunda Kingdom was angry with the marriage of Dewa Niskala. Dewa Niskala is considered to have violated the rules and these rules have existed since the Bubat Incident which states that the Sunda-Galuh people are not allowed and are prohibited from marrying people who are descended from Majapahit. War almost broke out from the two kings who were the besan. These two kings became besan because Jayadewata who was the son of King Dewa Niskala was the son-in-law of King Susuktunggal. The war did not occur because the advisory council managed to reconcile the two kings with the final decision if the two kings had to step down from their thrones and they both handed over their thrones to the crown prince who had been chosen. Dewa Niskala chose Jayadewata, his son, to continue in power, while Prabu Susuktunggal also chose the same person so that in the end Jayadevata united the two kingdoms. Jayadevata was then given the title Sri Baduga Maharaja and began to rule the Pajajaran Kingdom in 1482. Read other related articles such as the History of the Majapahit Kingdom, The Origin of the Archipelago, and the Complete History of the Kutai Kartanegara Kingdom.
Pajajaran Kingdom's Economic Life
People in the era of the Pajajaran Kingdom lived by farming, especially cultivating fields that produced rice, fruits, vegetables and pepper and also developed in the fields of shipping and trade. The Kingdom of Pajajaran also has 6 important ports, namely Sunda Kelapa [Jakarta], Pontang, Tamgara, Banten Port, Cigede and also Cimanuk [Pamanukan].
Pajajaran Kingdom's Social Life The social life of the people in the Kingdom of Pajajaran consisted of artists such as dancers, gamelan players and clowns as well as farmers and trade groups. Meanwhile, the people who are not good are looters, pickpockets, robbers and thieves.
Pajajaran Kingdom Cultural Life
What influences the life of the cultural sector of the Pajajaran Kingdom is Hinduism and several relics such as inscriptions, types of batik, the Parahyangan Story Book and also the Sangyang Siskanda Book. Read other related articles Hindu Religious Heritage Temples, History of Ratu Boko Site, Surabaya City History, Women’s National Heroes.
The Kings of the Pajajaran Kingdom
Sri Baduga Maharaja [1482-1521], reigned in Pakuan
Surawisesa [1521-1535], reigned in Pakuan
Queen of the Gods [1535-1543[, reigned in Pakuan
Ratu Sakti [1543-1551], reigned in Pakuan
Ratu Nilakendra [1551-1567], left Pakuan because of Maulana Hasanuddin's attack
Raga Mula / Prabu Surya Kencana [1567-1579], reigned in Pandegelang
The Peak of the Kingdom of Pajajaran
During the reign of Sri Baduga Maharaja, the Kingdom of Pajajaran reached its heyday and this is the reason that the people of West Java often say that Sri Baduga or Siliwangi is a king who never ends and always lives eternally in the hearts and minds of the people of West Java. The Maharaja built a masterpiece, namely a large talaga named Maharena Wijaya and made a road to get to the capital city of Pakuan and Wanagiri. He also strengthened the defense of the capital and provided Perdikan Village for all priests and their followers so that they could encourage religious activities and be used as guides for the lives of the people.
The Maharaja also then built Kabinihajian or kaputren, knighthoods or warrior dormitories, increased the strength of the army, arranged for the collection of tributes from the kings under him and also drafted royal laws. The construction can also be seen in the Kabantenan inscriptions and also the Batutulis which tells the story of the Pantun interpreter and also the writer of the Chronicle which can still be seen today, while some have been lost. The two inscriptions as well as the Pantun story and the chronicle story are known that Sri Baduga has given orders to create a fief, make Talaga Maharena Wijaya, strengthen the capital, make performances, make cabinihajian, make chivalry, make pamington, strengthen the army and also arrange tribute for the kings under him. Read other related articles “History of the Islamic Empire in Indonesia, History of Minangkabau, History of Islam in Indonesia, History of East Timor.
The Destruction of the Pajajaran Kingdom
The Kingdom of Pajajaran was finally destroyed in 1579 due to the attack of another Sunda Kingdom, namely the Sultanate of Banten. The Kingdom of Pajajaran ended with the bringing of Palangka Sriman Sriwacana from Pakuan Pajajaran to the Surosowan Palace in Banten by Maulana Yusuf's troops. The stone of 200 x 160 x 20 cm was brought to Banten because political tradition made Pakuan Pajajaran unable to crown the new King and became a sign that Maulana Yusuf was the legitimate successor of the Sunda Kingdom because his great-grandmother was Princess Sri Baduga Maharaja. Palangka Sriman Sriwacana can be seen in front of the former Surosowan Palace in the Banten area and the people of Banten call it Watu Gilang which means shiny and has the same meaning as Sriman.
After the alliance between the Demak and Cirebon Sultanates, Islamic teachings began to enter Parahyangan and caused unrest for Jaya Dewata and then he restricted Muslim traders who entered the Sunda kingdom port so that the influence of Islam on the natives could be minimized. However, in fact the influence of Islam was much stronger and Pajajaran finally decided to form a coalition with the Portuguese in order to balance the Sultanate of Demak and Cirebon. Pajajaran then provided an opportunity for free trade in the port of the Kingdom of Pajajaran in exchange for military assistance if the Sultanates of Demak and Cirebon attacked Pajajaran. The power of Pajajaran finally fell to the Sultanate of Banten in 1524 and the Demak troops who joined Cirebon landed in Banten and the teachings of Islam brought by the immigrants also attracted the attention of the people to the interior of Wahenten Girang.
Sunan Gunung Jati gave instructions for his son, Maulana Hasanuddin, to build a government center in the Wahanen Girang area and build a city on the coast so that the Banten Kingdom was formed. In 1570, Maulana Yusuf ascended the throne and became king of Banten replacing his father, Maulana Hasanuddin. He continued his expansion towards the interior of Sunda and finally succeeded in defeating Pakuan Pajajaran. In 1527, the port of Sunda Kelapa also fell to the Islamic troops which made Pajajaran and Portuguese become disconnected so that the Pajajaran Kingdom was getting weaker.
Meanwhile, Prabu Ratu Dewata who ruled from 1535 to 1543 also did not run the government properly and prioritized being a priest which caused the people to be neglected. Meanwhile, his successor, Ratu Sakti, was very happy to play with women and Raja Mulya was very happy to spend his wealth while drunk which made the Pajajaran Kingdom untenable. Maulanan Yusuf became the legitimate successor of Sundanese power because it was also strengthened by his lineage, namely the great-grandson of Sri Baduga Maharaja, the first King of the Pajajaran Kingdom. After being defeated by Banten, several courtiers moved and settled in Lebak and lived in the interior while continuing to use the strict mandala way of life and this community group still exists today, known as the Baduy Tribe. Read other related articles History of Kalasan Temple, History of Cetho Temple, Buddhist Heritage Temple, and Medan Area Battle.
Historical Relics of the Pajajaran Kingdom
In addition to the Chronicle Manuscript, the Kingdom of Pajajaran also has several other relics that we can still see today.
Cikapundung inscription
The Cikapundung Inscription was discovered by residents around the Cikapundung River, Bandung on October 8, 2010. The stone inscription contains ancient Sundanese writings which, according to estimates, date back to the 14th century. Not only there are ancient Sundanese letters, the inscription also has several pictures such as palms, faces, soles of the feet and also 2 lines of ancient Sundanese letters with the words "unggal Jagat jalmah hendap" meaning that all humans in this world can experience anything. A principal researcher from the Bandung Archaeological Center, Lufti Yondri, said that the inscription was the Cikapundung Inscription.
Huludayeuh inscription
The Huludayeuh inscription is in the middle of the rice fields in Huludayeuh Village, Cikalahang Village, Sumber District after the division of Wilayang into Dukuntang District, Cirebon. This inscription has long been known by the local community, but archaeologists and historians only found out about the inscription in September 1991. The contents of the inscription consist of eleven lines of scripted writing and ancient Sundanese. However, the stone inscription was found in a state that was not intact and made some characters also lost. The surface of the stone inscription is also slightly damaged and some of the writing is worn so that some of the contents of the inscription cannot be read. Broadly speaking, this inscription tells of Sri Maharaja Ratu Haji in Pakwan Sya Sang Ratu Dewata who is associated with several efforts to make his country prosperous.
Flat Sand Inscription
This inscription was found in a coffee plantation located in Pasir Datar, Cisande, Sukabumi in 1872 and is now stored at the Jakarta National Museum. This inscription is made of natural stone material which has not been transcribed until now because the contents themselves cannot be interpreted. Read other related articles, History of Mendut Temple, History of Semarang City, History of Wali Songo, Complete History of Kutai Kertanegara Kingdom.
Portuguese Sundanese Treaty Inscription
The Portuguese Sunda Treaty inscription is an inscription in the form of a stone monument which was found in 1918 in Jakarta. This inscription is a sign of the agreement between the Kingdom of Sunda and the Kingdom of Portugal made by a trade envoy of the Portuguese Kingdom from Malacca and led by Enrique Leme who brought some goods to be given to King Samian [Sanghyang], namely Sang Hyang Surawisesa, a prince who became the leader of the envoy of the King of Sunda.
This inscription was built above ground level which is also designated as a fort and warehouse for the Portuguese. This inscription was found by excavating while building a warehouse at the corner of Prinsenstraat which is now the clove road and also Groenestraat which is now the Kali Besar Timur I road and is included in the West Jakarta area. As for the replica, it has been exhibited at the Jakarta History Museum.
Ulubelu Inscription
This inscription is a relic of the Sunda Kingdom or Pajajaran from the 15th century AD which was found in Ulubelu, Rebangpunggung Village, Kotaagung, Lampung in 1936. Although it was found in Lampung, South Sumatra, historians suspect that the script used in this inscription is an ancient Sundanese script which is a relic of the Pajajaran Kingdom. This assumption is also reinforced by the territory of the Sunda Kingdom which also includes the Lampung region. After the Pajajaran kingdom collapsed by the Banten Sultanate, the power of South Sumatra was continued by the Banten Sultanate. The content of this inscription is a mantra about asking for help addressed to the main Gods namely Batara Guru [Shiva], Vishnu and also Brahma and the God of land, water and trees so that salvation from all enemies can be obtained.
Karangkamulyan site
This site is located in Karangkamulyan Village, Ciamis, West Java, which is a relic of the Hindu-Buddhist Galuh Kingdom. This Karangkamulyan site tells about Ciung Wanara related to the Galuh Kingdom. This story is thick with the story of a great hero who has supernatural powers and strength that is not possessed by ordinary people and is only owned by Ciung Wanara. In an area of about 25 hectares, there are various objects containing the history of the Galuh Kingdom, most of which are in the form of stone.
The stones are scattered in various shapes and some of the stones in the building structure are made of piles of stones with almost the same shape and the building has a door that makes it look like a room. These stones have different names and stories. These names were given by the local community which were obtained by connecting the stories of the Galuh Kingdom such as pangcalikan or seats, places of birth, symbols of worship, cikahuripan and also places of fighting.
Inscription of Kebon Kopi II
The inscription, which has another name, the Pasir Muara Inscription, is a relic of the Sunda Galuh Kingdom which was found not far from the Kebon Kopi I Inscription which is a relic of the Tarumanegara Kingdom. However, this inscription was lost because it was stolen in the 1940s. An expert named F.D.K Bosch once studied the inscription and wrote that in the inscription there is an ancient Malay inscription which tells of a Sundanese king occupying his throne again and interpreting the number of years of events dating to 932 AD. This inscription was found in Pasir Muara Village, Ciaruteun Ilir Village, Cibungbulang, Bogor, Bogor Regency, West Java in the 19th century when deforestation was being carried out to make coffee plantations and this inscription is about 1 km from the Kebonkopi I inscription stone, namely the Inscription Elephant Footprint. Read other related articles The Dutch Colonial Period in Indonesia, The History of the Collapse of the Ummayads, The History of the Gedong Songo Temple, The History of the Majapahit Kingdom.
Slate Inscription
The Batutulis Inscription was studied in 1806, namely by making handprints at Leiden University in the Netherlands. The first reading was carried out by Friederich in 1853 and until 1921 there were already 4 experts who also examined the contents of the Batutulis Inscription, but Cornelis Marinus Pleyte was the only person who commented more on the location of Pakuan, while other researchers focused more on the location of Pakuan. interpret the contents of the inscription. Pleyte's research was published in 1911 and in his writings namely Het Jaartal op en Batoe-Toelis nabij Buitenzorg and if interpreted to be the date on Batutulis near Bogor.
Pleyte explains [Waar alle legendary, zoowel als de meer geloofwaardige historic berichten, het huidige dorpje Batoe-Toelis, als plaats waar eenmal Padjadjaran's koningsburcht stond, aanwijzen, kham het er aleen nog op aan. Naar eenige preciseering in deze te trachten”] which means In legends and historical news that are more believable, Kampung Batutulis is the site of the Royal Palace of Pajajaran and the problems it causes only by tracing the correct location. Pleyte said puri is identical to the royal city and the kadatuan of Sri Bima Narayana Madura Suradipati with Pakuan is a city. The Chronicle of Pajajaran describes that Pakuan is divided into Dalem Kitha [Jero Kuta] and also Jawi Kitha [Outer Kuta] which means inner city and outer city.
Pleyte also found an earthen fort in Jero Kuta, which is now the Sukasari prayer, where Jalan Siliwangi meets Jalan Batutulis and the location of the Palace is thought to be in the vicinity of Batutulis. A report given by Adolf Winkler in 1690 stated that in Batutulis, he found a very neatly arranged stone floor and with the explanation of the person who escorted him, that was the location of the Royal Palace measured from the floor to the old paseban found 7 banyan trees, but the exact location is still a mystery to this day.
After King Pajajaran moved to Pakuan, the government in Galuh Kawali was led by King Ningratwangi with a reign from 1428 to 1501 on behalf of his elder brother Sri Baduga Maharaja. After that the Galuh government was led by Prabu Jayaningrat from 1501 to 1528 and she was the last Galuh Queen before the Kingdom collapsed and was conquered by the Cirebon Sultanate. Thus a complete review of the complete history of the Pajajaran Kingdom that we can provide, hopefully it can add information about history, especially the kingdom in the country.
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